Title:
Lebanon's Third National Communication to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
Code:
ENV/16/10
Supervisor:
Ministry of Environment - UNDP - gef
Author:
Ministry of Environment
Page Numbers:
237
Summary:
This Third national communication report provides an overview of Lebanon’s greenhouse gas emissions per sector, and analyses the impacts of the country’s projected climatic changes on several economic, social and environmental sectors. Furthermore, the report provides a list of possible mitigation and adaptation measures that can help Lebanon reduce its emissions and adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. This national communication was prepared by the Ministry of Environment.
Executive summary
الملخص التنفيذي
Chapter 1: National circumstances
1. Government structure
1.1 The Parliament and the Parliamentarian Committee for Environment (legislative level)
1.2 The Council of Ministers (executive level)
2. Population profile
3. Geographic profile
4. Climate profile
5. Economic profile
6. Energy
7. Transportation
8. Industry
9. Solid waste
10. Wastewater
11. Agriculture
12. Land use, land use change and forestry
13. Tourism
14. Water
15. Public health
16. Climate action, institutional arrangements and MRV system
16.1 Introducing new incentives, teaming up with the private sector
16.2 Benefiting from existing formal procedures
16.3 From NAMAs to INDCs and the governing MRV system
Chapter 2: National greenhouse gas inventory
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Lebanon’s greenhouse gas inventory in 2012
3.1 Key category analysis
4. GHG emissions by sector
4.1 Energy
4.2 Industrial processes and products use
4.3 Agriculture
4.4 Land use, land use change and forestry
4.5 Waste and wastewater
5. GHG emissions by gas
6. Trends in GHG emissions: 1994-2012
7. Indirect greenhouse gases and sulphur dioxide
Chapter 3: Mitigation analysis
1. Energy sector
1.1 Business-as-usual scenario
1.2 Mitigation option 1: Implementing the Energy Policy Paper
1.3 Emission reduction potential in the energy sector
1.4 Enabling environment for energy mitigation
2. Transport sector
2.1 Business-as-usual scenario
2.2 Mitigation option 1: Increase share of fuel-efficient vehicles
2.3 Mitigation option 2: Increase share of fuel-efficient vehicles and hybrid electric
vehicles
2.4 Mitigation option 3: Increase the share of mass transport
2.5 Emission reduction potential in the transport sector
2.5.1. Emissions reduction from mitigation option 1: Increase share of fuel efficient
vehicles
2.5.2. Emissions reduction from mitigation option 2: Increase share of fuel efficient
vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles
2.5.3. Emission reduction from mitigation option 3: Increase share of mass transport
2.6 Enabling environment for the transport mitigation
3. Industrial processes and products use
4. Agriculture sector
4.1 Business-as-usual scenario
4.2 Mitigation option 1: Conservation agriculture
4.3 Mitigation option 2: Fertilizer best management practices-fertigation
4.4 Emission reduction potential in the agricultural sector
4.4.1. Emission reduction from mitigation option 1: Conservation agriculture
4.4.2. Emission reduction from mitigation option 2: Fertigation
4.5 Adaptation co-benefits of mitigating agriculture
4.6 Economic co-benefits of mitigating agriculture
4.7 Enabling environment for the agriculture mitigation
5. Land use, land use change and forestry
5.1 Business-as-usual scenario
5.2 Mitigation option 1: Maintaining the current extent of Lebanon’s forest and other
wooded land cover
5.3 Mitigation option 2: Increasing Lebanon’s forest and other wooded land cover by 7%
by 2030
5.4 Emission reduction potential in LULUCF
5.5 Enabling environment for the LULUCF mitigation
6. Waste and wastewater sector
6.1 Business-as-usual scenario
6.2 Mitigation option 1: Waste-to-energy in 2 governorates and up to 50% wastewater
treatment
6.3 Mitigation option 2: Waste-to-energy in 4 governorates and up to 74% wastewater
treatment
6.4 Emission reduction potential in waste and wastewater
6.5 Enabling environment for the waste and wastewater emissions mitigation
Chapter 4: Climate risks, vulnerability and adaptation assessment
1. Future climatic changes in Lebanon
2. Impacts of climate change in Lebanon
3. Economic costs to Lebanon’s households, businesses and communities from climate change
3.1. Analytical assumptions and approach
3.2. The overall economic costs that future global GHG emissions might impose on Lebanon
3.2.1. Potential costs from cumulative global GHG emissions
3.2.2. Potential costs and savings from annual global GHG emissions under highest and
lowest emission scenarios
3.2.3. Potential costs borne by rural and urban households with different levels of income
3.3. Costs that climate change might impose on segments of Lebanon’s economy and
society
3.3.1. Costs from impacts of climate change on agriculture and food consumption
3.3.1.1 Reductions in Lebanon’s overall agricultural production
3.3.1.2 Reductions in production of wheat and maize
3.3.1.3 Reductions in fish harvest
3.3.1.4 Increases in the prices Lebanon’s consumers pay for food because of
climate-related increases in global food prices
3.3.2. Costs from impacts of climate on water
3.3.2.1 Reductions in agricultural and domestic/industrial water supply
3.3.2.2 Reductions in water supply for generation of hydroelectricity
3.3.3. Costs from climate-related natural disasters
3.3.4. Costs from impacts of climate change on tourism
3.3.5. Costs from impacts of climate change on electricity consumption
3.3.6. Costs from impacts of climate change on the health of Lebanon’s citizens
3.3.6.1 Risk of death
3.3.6.2 Risk of illness and disability
3.3.7. Costs from impacts of climate change on ecosystems
3.3.8. Costs from impacts of climate change on society
3.3.8.1 Costs from the effects of climate-related heat stress on the p roductivity
and earnings of Lebanon’s workers
3.3.8.2 Costs from the effects of climate-related undernourishment of children
on their productivity and earnings as adults
3.3.8.3 Costs from climate-related internal migration
3.4. Summary of costs
4. Adaptation actions
4.1. Water resources
4.2. Agricultural sector
4.3. Forest resources and biodiversity
4.4. Public health
4.5. Electricity sector
4.6. Coastal communities and ecosystems
4.7. Tourism sector
Chapter 5: Gaps, constraints and related financial, technical and capacity building needs
1. Gaps and constraints related to reporting and related institutional and MRV arrangements
2. Constraints related to implementation of policies and projects
3. Financial gaps and constraints
References
Annex I: Reporting summary tables
Annex II: Population, households, and temperature estimates
Year:
2016
Sub-Sector:
N/A