Titre:
Strategic Environmental Assessment for the New Water Sector Strategy for Lebanon - Final Report
Code:
ENV/15/14
Sous la direction de:
World Bank – GEF Ministry of Environment
Auteur:
Plan Bleu - Ministry of Energy and Water - Ministry of Environment
Nombre de pages:
201
Contenu:
Executive summary
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 SEA Objectives
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Data Sources and Constraints
1.5 Report Structure
2. Determining the Scope of the SEA Study
3. Description of the Proposed Strategic Action
3.1 NWSS Objectives
3.2 NWSS Interventions and Planned Investments
3.3 NWSS Implementation Status
4. Assessment of Baseline Conditions
4.1 Physical Environment
4.1.1 Climate Change
4.1.2 Topography and Landforms
4.1.3 Surface and Groundwater Resources
4.1.4 Water Quality
4.1.5 Karst Features
4.2 Biological and Natural Environment
4.2.1 Riparian Habitats
4.2.2 Bird Species
4.2.3 Protected Areas
4.2.4 Natural Risks
4.3 Social and Socio-Economic Environment
4.3.1 Population
4.3.2 Farmers and Agricultural Activity
4.3.3 Poverty Areas
4.3.4 Industries and Industrial Activity
4.3.5 Household Water Consumption and Expenditure
4.4 Cultural Environment
4.4.1 Roman Aqueducts
4.4.2 Nahr Ibrahim (Adonis River
Final SEA Report of National Water Sector Strategy ECODIT • Page ii
4.4.3 Stone mills and other artifacts
4.5 Utilities and Infrastructure
4.5.1 Wastewater Treatment Plants
4.5.2 Storage Dams and Other Man-Made Water Bodies
4.5.3 Hydropower Generation
4.6 Legal, Institutional and Policy Environment
4.6.1 Multilateral Environmental Agreements
4.6.2 Relevant Laws and Regulations
4.6.3 Water Sector Institutional Setup
4.6.4 Urban Planning Trends and Outlook
5. Assessment of Potential Impacts Resulting from the National Water Sector Strategy
5.1 NWSS Effects on Key SEA Issues
5.1.1 Production
5.1.2 Transmission and Distribution
5.1.3 Wastewater
5.2 Macro-Economic Analysis
5.2.1 Absorptive Capacity
5.2.2 Land Expropriations
5.2.3 The Value of Selected NWSS Benefits
5.3 Climate Change Adaptation
5.4 Effects on Ecology and Ecosystems
5.4.1 Undiscovered Species and Water Dependent Species
5.4.2 Potential Encroachment on Protected Sites
5.4.3 Potential Inundation of Forests
5.5 Marine Environment and Coastal Waters
5.6 Effects on Underground Water and Karst
5.7 Water-Energy Nexus
5.7.1 Energy Consumption
5.7.2 Lebanon’s Potential Hydro-Power Production Capacity
5.7.3 Case Study – The Litani River Basin
5.8 Man-Made Water Bodies and Buffers
5.8.1 Buffer Zones
5.8.2 Buffer Zones: Assessment of Lebanon Experience
5.9 Catastrophic Failure and Emergency Planning
Final SEA Report of National Water Sector Strategy ECODIT • Page iii
5.9.1 Planning and Approval
5.9.2 Dam Classification and Safety
5.9.3 Dam Safety: Assessment of Lebanon Experience
5.10 Water-Poverty Nexus
5.11 Treated Sewage Effluent and Sludge Reuse
5.11.1 Treated Sewage Effluent Impact on Dams and Lakes
5.11.2 Treated Sewage Effluent Reuse
5.11.3 Sludge Disposal
5.12 Construction and Excavation Waste
5.13 Operation and Maintenance Performance
5.13.1 NWSS Institutional Remedies
5.13.2 Recommendations
5.14 Transboundary Waters
6. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Strategic Action
6.1 Analysis of the No-Action Alternative
6.2 Other Options and Complementary measures for Achieving Strategic Goals
6.2.1 Blue Gold
6.2.2 Water Reform
6.2.3 Private Sector Participation
6.2.4 Resource Augmentation
6.3 Priority Actions and Emergency Solutions for Deficit Reductions
7. Selection of the «Most Suitable Strategic Option »
8. A Framework to Optimise the Environmental and Social Effects of the Strategy
8.1 Policy Responses
8.2 Adaptation Strategies
8.3 Monitoring Recommendations
8.3.1 NWSS Implementation
8.3.2 Water Quality
8.3.3 Ecological Effects of Dams
8.4 Strengthening the EIA / EMP System
8.5 Water Demand Management
9. Recommendations for Integrating SEA Findings in the NWSS
10. List of Cited References
11. Technichal Annexes
Annex 11.1 Glossary of Terms
Final SEA Report of National Water Sector Strategy ECODIT • Page iv
Annex 11.2 Water Body Dependent Bird Species
Annex 11.3 Methodology and Calculations used to Value Selected NWSS Benefits
Annex 11.4 IFIs Policies on Expropriation and Involuntary Resettlement
Annex 11.5 Public-Private-Partnership Options
Annex 11.6 Technologically and Economically Proven Desalination Technologies
Annex 11.7 Maps
12. Administrative Annexes
Annex 12.1 SEA Team Composition
Annex 12.2 Consultations & Interviews
Annex 12.3 Site Visits
Final SEA Report of National Water Sector Strategy ECODIT • Page v
List of Tables
Table 1. SEA Key Issues and Rationale
Table 2. NWSS Key “Infrastructure” Components and Projected Cost Estimates
Table 3. NWSS Key “Management” Components and Projected Cost Estimate
Table 4. Status of Planned NWSS Storage Dams (updated April 2014)
Table 5. Status of NWSS Irrigation Schemes (updated April 2014)
Table 6. Status of NWSS Wastewater Works (updated April 2014 and listed from north to south
Table 7. Annual available resources (Million cubic metres Mm3)
Table 8. Water Quality of 53 springs on the Lebanon Mountain Trail (elev. 700-1800m)
Table 9. Coastal Water Quality on Five Beaches
Table 10. Threatened Birds Species Observed in Lebanon
Table 11. Lebanon’s 16 Nature Reserves
Table 12. Areas prone to natural disasters
Table 13. Lebanese Population Data (1997 and 2004
Table 14: Resident population, activity rate and share of actives in the agricultural sector
Table 15: Number of farmers, agriculture areas and irrigated areas by Caza
Table 16. Lower and upper poverty headcounts in 2004
Table 17. Hydropower Electricity Current Installed Capacity in Lebanon
Table 18. Potential linkages between the MEAs and planned NWSS investments
Table 19. Relevant Selection of Existing and/or Planned Laws and Regulations
Table 20. Key players and responsibilities in the water and wastewater sectors
Table 21. Yearly capital expenditure by agency
Table 22. Targeted Selection of Existing and/or Planned Institutional Measures in Lebanon
Table 23. Total value of CDR (capital investment) contracts awarded from 31/12/1992 till
31/12/2012
Table 24. Total Water Investment by the Public and Private Sectors (as % of GDP)
Table 25. Benchmarking the NWSS with other investment programs
Table 26. Range of Estimated Future Values ($US Million) of Selected NWSS Benefits
Table 27. Intersections between Proposed Dams/Hill Lakes and Protected Areas
Table 28. Forest Nurseries Run by Ministry of Agriculture
Table 29. Marginal BOD5 Reduction by 2030 based on Different Options
Table 30. Lebanese Rivers Impacted by Proposed Dams
Table 31. Assessment of hydro-electric power production in Litani River Basin
Table 32. NWSS planned storage infrastructure
Table 33. Draft TSE reuse guidelines for Lebanon
Table 34. Estimated sludge production (estimates for 2001 and 2010)
Table 35. Sludge use based on sludge classification
Table 36. Staffing Level in Water and Wastewater Establishments
Table 37. NWSS Components and Alternatives
Table 38. Typology of climate change adaptation strategies in the water sector
Table 39. EIA and IEE Requirements for NWSS Initiatives based on Decree 8633/2012
Table 40. Examples of Water Demand Side Management Measures
Table 41. Policy Framework for Optimizing the Environmental and Social Effects of the NWSS
Final SEA Report of National Water Sector Strategy ECODIT • Page vi
List of Figures
Figure 1. The SEA Process in Relation to the Project Cycle
Figure 2. Five geo-morphological regions of Lebanon
Figure 3. Precipitation in Beirut and the Occurrence of Consecutive Dry Years (1876 – 2014
Figure 4. Schematic East-West Cross Section of Lebanon
Figure 5. Sources of Water at the Household Level
Figure 6. Current Institutional Setting and Commercial Relations in the Lebanon Water Sector
Figure 7. Household water expenditure by supply source (as % of total household expenditure)
Figure 8. Major Areas of Concern & Key SEA Issues by NWSS Component
Figure 9. Land Expropriation Process in Lebanon
Figure 10. Energy Flows in the Water Life Cycle, the Case for Lebanon
Figure 11. Selective Emissions Related to the Energy Flows in the Water Life Cycle
Figure 12. Photos of Brissa Dam in Dannieh and Residual Impacts on Landscapes
Figure 13. Impact of uncertainty on the effectiveness of management and adaptation measures
Figure 14. Supply & Demand Planning in Lebanon for a Moderate Dry Year (2011 – 2035)
Figure 15. EIA decision flowchart in relation to the NWSS and the EIA Issuance Data
Figure 16. Systematic approach to behavior change in the water sector
List of Boxes
Box 1. Combating Pollution of the Litani River and Qaraoun Lake
Box 2. Lebanon’s Water Bottling
Box 3. Dams in Brief
Box 4 Boqaata Dam forest seedlings
Box 5. Lessons learned from Chabrouh Dam
Box 6. Chabrouh Dam Energy Payback
Box 7 Case Study: Janneh Dam and Lake Project
Box 8 A review of the causes of dam failure
Box 9 Case Study - The Impact of Irrigation on Lebanon’s Tobacco Industry
Box 10 Water Utility Staffing Levels
Box 11. Baalbeck Water and Wastewater Project
Box 12. Impact of Syrian Crisis on the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Box 13 Exploring the viability of capturing submarine freshwater springs
Année:
2015
Sous-catégorie:
N/A